, . , , – . , 1917 1941 , . " ".

, , -, . , , , , , , , . , , , . ( " ", 1) 19 . , , , , , .. . ( ) , , , , . , , , " - . , , , " ( – II. )2.

– , 1917 1941 . , , . 1920- " " , (" ", ), . 1918 ( ). 1918 ( ), . , – , , – . " ", – , , , (, " "3).

1930- , , , , (1936 ). , – . 1937 "-" , 7 . 1935 , 14 .

" " {the Great Retreat), , , , - 1930- ( 4}; , , , , ( 5). , , 6.

, , , 1917 1930- , " " , . , , . – , .

, , 19 , , , 7. 1917 , , , . 1918 , . 1920- ( ) , , , . 1926 1927 1,5 8. , , , -, " " -.

: . , 237 300 1000 . , , 20 57% 5 *. – , , "", , , . , – "" ( , ), . , , , , - . " – , – ", . "", , – " " , , .

20- , , . " , " ( – ) 1920- . " " (1923) – , :

" , , - . , . ?"10.

: - , , , . - , , . " " – - , , , :

" – , . " !" – [, – ..]. , . . , , : , ; , , - ... – , , " ". ... ! , ; , , , "" , . ... , , , "11.

1920- " ( )", , 1925 . , , 20000 , , " ", " - , : "12. , " ", - . , , , , , , , . , ( , , ), , – , . , , , , , .., . , , , , , , , , , " ", " ", " ", " " ..

, " " , , . " " , , – . , , , , , . , , -, , -, . 1920- , - , , , .

. 1924 : , , " ". , , . , , " ", 8- . : " , , 24 1924 : 1) , - , 2) , ; , , , , ; ; , ; -, , ; – , , , , , : ; , , , ; I 2 ; ; , - , , , , ; , ; , ( ); ; - ; ; , "13. , . , , " ", , , , " " .. , , , , , " ", ", , ", , " ".

" " , . , , : , "", " , , , ". , "" ", " " – , , " , "14. 1924 , , . , (, , , , ), 1920- , , - . , . 1920- , " ", - , , , .

, , . , . , 1920-1930- , , " . , , , 1918 1926 , "15.

1929 , , , . , , , , .

1930-1931- , " ", . , 1931 1932 " . 2,3 , – "16. , , . – , , .

, . , 1930- , , – . " : " (, 1941) , , ( ""):

"... , 3-4 , , 400 , 50 2-3 . . . , "17.

, , , , , , , 4 , , . " " , 1930- . , , . , . , " ", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", " ", " ". , . , , , , , . ( ), , ""*.

. 1924 , " " " ", : ", : , , "18. 1941 : " , . , : , , "19. - . 1930- , /. , " : " (.-., 1939) , " . ... , . , , "20.

, "" , "" "". , , , , , , , – , "", .. . "" – , , , , . , , , . , , , ( , , ) . " " : " , , . , . , , , , – "21. , , , , , – . , . , " ", - . , " ", . , , . , . , . : . " , , , , , , ( ..)"22. , " ", " " "". " " , , 1930- . "" , . , – , , , , . , , , , . : " , ? , , , , . , , , . , , . , , . , 1 , . , , - , . , "23. " " – , , , – , , . , . 1920- , , , 1930- . (, , ) , " ". , , "" ""   , 24. , , , , - , 1930- . , , , , , – , . , 1930- ( , , ) , , , , , . " ", .. , . " " (.-., 1936) , , , , , , . . :

" ? , , , , .

, , . , . . :

1)        , , ;

2)  , ;

3) , ; , , : , , , .

. - .... - , , - . , , , "25.

, , , , , , . : , 1930- , , , , , , . , ( ) , "" , , . " , , " ( ), " "26. " " – "" . , (, , , ) , , " ", , , , " "27.

, : , , , . , , -, -, , , .

– , 1920-1930- . 20 , , , , , . , , , " ", 20 , , - , " "28. , , , .

, . , , . " " , , – , , , , 1920-. , 1930- " ", (, , " ") , . , .

1930- . , , , . ", – , – . 1932 1933 : 100 1933 "29. , , , . , , , , , . , " , , , , 16 "3". 1934 , . , , – , 31.

, , . - , . , , , . , ( " , , 1936 , " "), 32. , , , . " , ; "33.

, 1920- , , " ". , , , . , , , . : , 50% J928 1932 34. , , . , , .

, 1930- , , . , " " (the double burden) , , , , 1917 . " " – , , , , , "" . 1930- "" , " ", " " , . , , , , .

* , , 1920-. , 1937 1000 170 , 1940 – 182 ( : . . : , 1977, , 9).


1. Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution (New York: Vintage Books, 1976).

2. Weiss, Nancy Pottishman. , American Quarterly, 4, Fall,1977. , , : Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirde. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Expert's Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1979); Grant, Julia. Raising Baby by the Book: The Education of American Mothers (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998); Hays, Sharon. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996).

3. , . (.: -, 1920).

4. Stites, Richard. The Women's Liberation movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism,
Bolshevism (Princeton, 1978).

5. Goldman, Wendy Z. Women, the State and the Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and
Social Life, 1917-1936 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

6. Hoffman, David. Context>, Journal of Social History, Fall, 2000.

7. Waters, Elizabeth. , Soviet
Studies, Vol. 44, Issue 1.

8. Ibid.

9. . .. (XVlII-XX.): , , ^. 1 (-.,2000).

10. , .. : (: , 1923), . 3.

11. , . 7.

12. (
) (.: , 1926),
. 11.

13. , . 107.

14. Certeau, Michele de. The Practice of Everyday Life, transl. by Steven Rendall (Berkeley,
Los Angeles, London: University' of California Press, 1988), p. 140.

15. Goldman, Wendy Z.  Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin 's Russia
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 17.

16. Ibid., p. 93.

138

17. , .. : d.w (M.-JL: , 1941), .71.

18. .. (., , 1924).

19. .. , . 26.

20. . : (.-., , 1939), . 6,24.

21. .. , . 60.

22. ,.28.

23. ,. 32.

24. , . : (:
, 2002).

25. .
, . .. . . , (.-.:
, 1936), .
43-44.

26. , . 46.

27. , . 48.

28. Arnup, Katherine. Education for motherhood: advice for mothers in twentieth-century
Canada (Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1994), p. 194.

29. Goldman, p. 266.
30.   Hoffman, p. 145.

31. Ibid, p. 146.

32. X. < >, , . X.
. (: < >,
2000).

33. Thurston, Robert W. , Soviet Studies, Volume 43,Issue3,1991.

34. Goldman, Wendy. Women at the Gates.


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