, . , , . , 1917 1941 , . " ".
, , -, . , , , , , , , . , , , . ( " ", 1) 19 . , , , , , .. . ( ) , , , , . , , , " - . , , , " ( II. )2.
, 1917 1941 . , , . 1920- " " , (" ", ), . 1918 ( ). 1918 ( ), . , , , . " ", , , , (, " "3).
1930- , , , , (1936 ). , . 1937 "-" , 7 . 1935 , 14 .
" " {the Great Retreat), , , , - 1930- ( 4}; , , , , ( 5). , , 6.
, , , 1917 1930- , " " , . , , . , .
, , 19 , , , 7. 1917 , , , . 1918 , . 1920- ( ) , , , . 1926 1927 1,5 8. , , , -, " " -.
: . , 237 300 1000 . , , 20 57% 5 *. , , "", , , . , "" ( , ), . , , , , - . " , ", . "", , " " , , .
20- , , . " , " ( ) 1920- . " " (1923) , :
" , , - . , . ?"10.
: - , , , . - , , . " " - , , , :
" , . " !" [, ..]. , . . , , : , ; , , - ... , , " ". ... ! , ; , , , "" , . ... , , , "11.
1920- " ( )", , 1925 . , , 20000 , , " ", " - , : "12. , " ", - . , , , , , , , . , ( , , ), , , . , , , , , .., . , , , , , , , , , " ", " ", " ", " " ..
, " " , , . " " , , . , , , , , . , , -, , -, . 1920- , - , , , .
. 1924 : , , " ". , , . , , " ", 8- . : " , , 24 1924 : 1) , - , 2) , ; , , , , ; ; , ; -, , ; , , , , , : ; , , , ; I 2 ; ; , - , , , , ; , ; , ( ); ; - ; ; , "13. , . , , " ", , , , " " .. , , , , , " ", ", , ", , " ".
" " , . , , : , "", " , , , ". , "" ", " " , , " , "14. 1924 , , . , (, , , , ), 1920- , , - . , . 1920- , " ", - , , , .
, , . , . , 1920-1930- , , " . , , , 1918 1926 , "15.
1929 , , , . , , , , .
1930-1931- , " ", . , 1931 1932 " . 2,3 , "16. , , . , , .
, . , 1930- , , . " : " (, 1941) , , ( ""):
"... , 3-4 , , 400 , 50 2-3 . . . , "17.
, , , , , , , 4 , , . " " , 1930- . , , . , . , " ", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", " ", " ". , . , , , , , . ( ), , ""*.
. 1924 , " " " ", : ", : , , "18. 1941 : " , . , : , , "19. - . 1930- , /. , " : " (.-., 1939) , " . ... , . , , "20.
, "" , "" "". , , , , , , , , "", .. . "" , , , , . , , , . , , , ( , , ) . " " : " , , . , . , , , , "21. , , , , , . , . , " ", - . , " ", . , , . , . , . : . " , , , , , , ( ..)"22. , " ", " " "". " " , , 1930- . "" , . , , , , , . , , , , . : " , ? , , , , . , , , . , , . , , . , 1 , . , , - , . , "23. " " , , , , , . , . 1920- , , , 1930- . (, , ) , " ". , , "" "" , 24. , , , , - , 1930- . , , , , , , . , 1930- ( , , ) , , , , , . " ", .. , . " " (.-., 1936) , , , , , , . . :
" ? , , , , .
, , . , . . :
1) , , ;
2) , ;
3) , ; , , : , , , .
. - .... - , , - . , , , "25.
, , , , , , . : , 1930- , , , , , , . , ( ) , "" , , . " , , " ( ), " "26. " " "" . , (, , , ) , , " ", , , , " "27.
, : , , , . , , -, -, , , .
, 1920-1930- . 20 , , , , , . , , , " ", 20 , , - , " "28. , , , .
, . , , . " " , , , , , , 1920-. , 1930- " ", (, , " ") , . , .
1930- . , , , . ", , . 1932 1933 : 100 1933 "29. , , , . , , , , , . , " , , , , 16 "3". 1934 , . , , , 31.
, , . - , . , , , . , ( " , , 1936 , " "), 32. , , , . " , ; "33.
, 1920- , , " ". , , , . , , , . : , 50% J928 1932 34. , , . , , .
, 1930- , , . , " " (the double burden) , , , , 1917 . " " , , , , , "" . 1930- "" , " ", " " , . , , , , .
* , , 1920-. , 1937 1000 170 , 1940 182 ( : . . : , 1977, , 9).
1. Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution (New York: Vintage Books, 1976).
2. Weiss, Nancy Pottishman.
3. , . (.: -, 1920).
4. Stites, Richard. The Women's Liberation movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism,
Bolshevism (Princeton, 1978).
5. Goldman, Wendy Z. Women, the State and the Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and
Social Life, 1917-1936 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
6. Hoffman, David.
7. Waters, Elizabeth.
Studies, Vol. 44, Issue 1.
8. Ibid.
9. . .. (XVlII-XX.): , , ^. 1 (-.,2000).
10. , .. : (: , 1923), . 3.
11. , . 7.
12. (
) (.: , 1926),
. 11.
13. , . 107.
14. Certeau, Michele de. The Practice of Everyday Life, transl. by Steven Rendall (Berkeley,
Los Angeles, London: University' of California Press, 1988), p. 140.
15. Goldman, Wendy Z. Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin 's Russia
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 17.
16. Ibid., p. 93.
138
17. , .. : d.w (M.-JL: , 1941), .71.
18. .. (., , 1924).
19. .. , . 26.
20. . : (.-., , 1939), . 6,24.
21. .. , . 60.
22. ,.28.
23. ,. 32.
24. , . : (:
, 2002).
25. .
, . .. . . , (.-.:
, 1936), .
43-44.
26. , . 46.
27. , . 48.
28. Arnup, Katherine. Education for motherhood: advice for mothers in twentieth-century
Canada (Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1994), p. 194.
29. Goldman, p. 266.
30. Hoffman, p. 145.
31. Ibid, p. 146.
32. X. < >, , . X.
. (: < >,
2000).
33. Thurston, Robert W.
34. Goldman, Wendy. Women at the Gates.
14 2004 .
: .