- ( 1960- )

10 2003

, , XIX . , . , -, . , .

, : . .

"" -. , , , " ", XVIII . . , , , , , " ", " ", " " . , , , .

XVIII . . III I.

XIX . . , .

- . 1834 . . , . .

, . . .

1813 . , 1863 . , . , , 1870- ., "". .

, .-. , , .

1.

XIX . , , , . "stunde" (""): , . - ( ) 1860 . , , . 1867 . 35 . ( ). , , . , , . , , , , , , . . , , .

-: , , .

1869 ., , . , , .

2.

1840- 1850- . " ", . , , . . 20 1867 ., , . 12 . 1875 . . . , . 1870- . , - , , (. ), .

3.

, , "". -"". , , 1860- ., . . .

1870- . : . , . , . , . . .

4.

. XIX . - , .

1874 . , . " " . . . , . . , . , . , . . . . , "".

. : , - , , , , - " ".

. , - . 1886 . , , . .

. . . "" . "" ( , ), , . .

, . 1882 . . . . , .

1884 . . . 1886 . . . 1890- . .

1880-1890- . - . , , , , , .

, , . (1849-1939) (1869-1935).

1870- . ( ), , .

1880- . . , , . , "".

1879 . " ". , , , . . , . 1883 . " ". "". 1884 . , . . . . , .

4 1894 ., ( , ) " ", , . : , , . , 1896 ., .

1905 . . 17 1906 . " " . . 1905 . " , ", .

, , . , - . .

1907-1911 . . , , . , . , 1917 . .

1907. . . 1909 . . ( 1910 . ) (), , , . ( .. ). 1907 . : () (). .

1911 . . , .

1905 . (" "). , . , .

1905 . " -". , . (, , , , ). . 1905 . 1909 ., I , " " ( ). , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , . , .

, . 1894 . - "", , . , .

1910 1911 . " ". , .

1911 . ( ), - . ( "", " ", , ), . 1909-1912 . , . . 1911 . .

1912 . 115000 31000 .

1910 . " ". , . . , . . , . 1912-1917 . , . 1915 . "", 1913 . "". . . , . . , .

, . , . . .

1917 . . . , . - . , , . 1917 . . - "". . , , . , , , .

" " : 1917-1929 .

(, . ). . 12 "" "" . , , . 1920- . , . . , 20- . , , 4 1919 . " ".

, 1920- . 1 . .

1918 . , , " ". , 1924 . 25, 50 . . , " " - . , , .

, . "" - . 1920- . , . . . 1923 . , . 1929 . .

1923 . . " " . . 1923 . . 1926 . .

1920- . "" ( ) "" ( ) . " " . " ". , 1920- . . . "" " ". , . " ". 1920- . . 1920 . VII " " , , . . . , .

1926 . , . . , " ". 1927 . , . . 1928 . . IV , 1928 . , , 1911 . - , ( . -). .

1929

" " . 1929 . , , . 53 " " (1 1929 .) ( 1929 .), "" . , 8 1929 . . 4- , .

1935 . . : . ( ), . -, . (. ), . ( ), . ( ), . ( " "), . ( ) . 1929 . . , . , , , .

1930 . . 1935 . , . : . , . , . , . , . , . . 1936 . .

, , 1930 . 1939-40 ., . 1929 . . 1931 . , : . , . , . , . . . 1930- . , 1937 . . .

1930- . , , . "", . "" , , . . , . , - . , , , 837 .

. 1942 . -, . . , . . . , , .

1944 . . . " ". .

1944 ., , . 45 . : " , " ( ). . : . ( ), . ( ), . ( ), . ( ), . ( ), . ( ), . , . ( ). , .

. , . , , , . (), , . , , , , . 1944 . , . , , .

, , , , , . -. 1945 . "" , - . .

, , . : , , - ( ). , , , ,

.

1945 . -, . . " " , , , . : ( ) .. , .. ( ) .. , .. .

1945 . : , " ", , , .

1946 . 25 -.

1947 . "". " " , " ".

1947 . -.

1945 1947 . 70 () , , .

1965 . .

1948 . , 1948 ., . , , . . , - . , .

1960- . , .

- .

C

:

- . ., 1989.
.. . . ., 1996.
.. . . , 1997.


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